Economic Utility The Pleasure of Products

The utility is an economists way of measuring pleasure or happiness with a product, service, or labor and how it relates to the decisions that people make in purchasing or performing it. Utility measures the benefits (or drawbacks) from consuming a good or service or from work, and although utility is not directly measurable, it can be inferred from the decisions that people make. In economics,  marginal  utility  is usually described by a function, such as the exponential utility function. Expected Utility In measuring the utility of a certain good, service, or labor, economics use either expected or indirect utility to express the amount of pleasure from consuming or purchasing an object. Expected utility refers to the utility of an agent facing uncertainty and is calculated by considering possible state and constructing a weighted average of utility. These weights are therein determined by the probability of each state given the agents estimate. Expected utility is applied in any situation where the outcome of using the good or service or working is deemed to be a risk for the consumer. Essentially, it is hypothesized that the human decider may not always choose the higher expected value investment option. Such is the case in the example of being guaranteed a $1 payment or gambling for a $100 payment with a probability of reward at 1 in 80, otherwise getting nothing. This results in an expected value of $1.25. According  to the expected utility theory, a person may be so risk averse they will still choose the less valuable guarantee rather than gambling for the $1.25 expected value.   Indirect Utility For this purpose, the indirect utility is very much like a total utility, calculated via a function using variables of price, supply, and availability. It creates a  utility curve  to define and graph the subconscious and conscious factors that determine customer product valuation. The calculation relies on a function of variables like the availability of goods in the market (which is its maximum point) against a persons income versus a change in the price of goods. Though usually, consumers think of their preferences in terms of consumption rather than price.   In terms of microeconomics, the indirect utility function is the inverse of the expenditure function (when the price is kept constant), whereby the expenditure function determines the minimum amount of money a person must spend to receive any amount of utility from a good. Marginal Utility After you determine both of these functions, you can then determine the marginal utility of a good or service because marginal utility is defined as the utility gained from consuming one additional unit. Basically, the marginal utility is a way for economists to determine how much of a product consumers will buy.   Applying this to economic theory relies on the law of diminishing marginal utility which states that each subsequent unit of product or good consumed will diminish in value. In practical application, that would mean that once a consumer has used a single unit of a good, such as a slice of pizza, the next unit would have less utility.

Air Pollution Factors Responsible For Poor Air Quality

Introduction The Central Valley contains the Sacramento and San Joaquin Valley, stretching from Redding to Bakersfield, which is the home to millions of residents. It was named as the Central Valley because its geographical location is in the center of the state of California which is surrounded by mountain ranges. The bowl shaped valley contains all the emissions and activities that the residents cause from travelling to work and other places. Not only does the Central Valley get its pollution from the valley, but it also gets air pollution that are transported from the Bay Area (valleyair.org). Due to the valley’s bowl shape, it traps the pollution which causes many issues and is a serious problem. This research paper will focus on the major source of air pollution, factors responsible for poor air quality, impacts of air pollutants in the valley, and regulations. Major Source of Air Pollutants The major source to air pollution in the Central Valley is the emissions from factories and automobiles. Burning fossil fuels has become a daily part of our lives since the industrial time because it powers transporting vehicles, buildings, and many appliances that we need. It is difficult to contain the burning of fossil fuels to a minimum, which is the major cause of air pollution, because many people rely heavily on it. Each vehicle that is being used emits fumes from the car exhaust which contains hazardous gases that are harmful to whoever breaths it in. The gases thatShow MoreRelatedIn 1789 Thomas Malthus, English Cleric And Scholar, Studied1008 Words   |  5 PagesEarth’s capacity. Overpopulation is a result of various factors such as improvements in medical facilities. Moreover, overpopulation also has a critical impact on the environment and is a salient issue in the modern world as it has led to many economical and sociological issues. 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As a result, maintaining a healthy environment is key to increasing quality of life and years of healthy life. Globally, nearly one-quarter of the global disease burden, and more than one-third of the burden among children, is due to modifiable environmental factors. (Prà ¼ss-ÃÅ"stà ¼n, 2006). Environmental health hazards generally fall into one of three categories: physical, chemical, or biological. The impact an environmental hazard may have onRead MoreIndoor Air Quality And Environmental Health Essay2305 Words   |  10 PagesIndoor Air Quality and Environment al Health Indoor air quality (IAQ) refers only to the quality of the ambient air in an interior environment. On average, people spend well over half of their time inside, and research has shown that indoor air in buildings can be more contaminated than outdoor air. The majority of people that work in non-industrial buildings such as offices, schools, and hospitals are exposed daily to poor IAQ. 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The Significance of Sibling and Peer interaction on Children Free Essays

Within the field of child psychology much emphasis has been placed on the relationship and interactions of mother and child (Harris, 1998; Pinker, 2002). This essay intends to highlight the significance of another kind of interaction, that of the child and his/her siblings and peers, with the view to show how this type of interaction can have an impact on subsequent development. In the process, the essay will evaluate the research carried out and the evidence gained within this area by way of critical analysis. We will write a custom essay sample on The Significance of Sibling and Peer interaction on Children or any similar topic only for you Order Now As an added aid the essay will take examples from the died material: Media Kit Part 1, Video Band 2: Zero to Hero as supplied by Open university (2006). The type of interaction mainly focused upon here is play; as this is the catalysis by which young children, from toddler-hood onwards, engage with other children. Littleton and Mill (2005) recognize this type of interaction as ‘important sites for development’ where new skills can be acquired and tested out in ways that could not with adults. To help better define this type of relationship between sibling and peers it is perhaps best to distinguish them from the other main type of relationship that children find homeless in. Schaffer, (1996) uses the term vertical relationship to describe a type of relationship that is characterized by an inequality of social power and knowledge level between adult and child. It is marked also by a complementarily of roles whereby the child may ask for help and a parent or caregiver may offer it. This is in contrast to the horizontal relationship that is marked more so for its reciprocity and equality of social power and knowledge. A good example being between two children of similar age. This peer relationship is similar in nature to hat of sibling relationships however as Schaffer (1996) notes, in this case the sibling relationship has the unique quality of being able to share both characteristics of, on the one hand reciprocity, whereby siblings can co-operate successfully in play situations and on the other, a marked age difference can see the older sibling as part time teacher and guide. This idea would have had its beginnings in the early social constructivism perspective. Bigotry (1986) purported the belief that interaction and collaboration with peers equal and more capable, promotes learning and creates what he called a Zone of Proximal Development, where children of different abilities learn from each other. One of the methods they do this is by what Schaffer (2003) describes as ‘scaffolding whereby support is offered for learning however the task is not simplified. The ability to play with others has also been described as a ‘skilled international accomplishment’ because of the complex skills involved, such as sensitivity to the needs of others, negotiation and conflict management skills (Littleton and Mill, 2005). But to play with people on must have the ability to Join in with others. In the video Zero to Hero supplied by Open University (2006), Professor Robert Winston lists certain factors that affect a child’s ability to Join in with others including premature birth, shyness and laughter. Smith et al. , (1999) sees laughter as an important social signal for children within play fighting both for the child to use and for the child to interpret others meaning of it. Smith et al. , (1999) also cite the ability to regulate emotion, turn-taking skills and the ability to understand another person’s point of view as important social skills, not Just added for successful social interaction but are actively developed and practiced in play situations. Open University (2006) illustrates these points by showing the use of classic experiments such as a version of the ‘marshmallow experiment (Muscle, 1974) where a child is sat in front of a marshmallow and told that he/she can have twice the amount if they can wait a specified time. Its been suggested from results that children able to wait or ‘delay gratification’ are better able to control emotions and is a better indication of academic and social success in their teens than IQ scores. Also being able to hold back like this does increase a child’s popularity In another example children of about three years are shown how to play Which hand is the coin in game’ where a person places a coin in one hand in full view of the child sitting opposite. The hand is then placed behind the back and both hands are re- presented closed for the child to guess which hand the coin is now in. Open University (2006) suggests that most children at this age cannot play this game from the alternative position as they believe that the other person already knows which hand the coin is in. This idea could be seen to come from the Paginating concept of ‘egocentrics’ whereby the child’s dominance of their own perceptions leaves them unable to see things from another’s perspective. Pigged elucidated this aspect through his Three Mountains Task (Pigged and Inhaler, 1972) Counter to this however, Open University (2006) go on to show the child named ‘Rubin’ as not only able to play the game, but also able to predict What other children will do’. They imply the reason for this as a result of his home life dynamic. Here, Rubin lives with his two brothers and all have different fathers suggesting a lot of interaction with different types of people but mainly that play with his siblings is significant. This emphasis on sibling interaction as a cause for Robin’s advancement, when held up against Piglet’s stage theory of intellectual development (in Dates, Cheesy and Wood, 2005), suggests that early and sustained interaction with siblings can contribute to a change in normal developmental cognitive structures. This assumption is arrived at through the underlying nature of any stage theory where, by definition imply distinct boundaries between stages where independent processes take place (Amounts, 2009). Piglet’s theory places Robin’s changes as occurring by the end of his second, Pre-operational stage or at the beginning of his Concrete operational stage where the child is moving away from egocentric thinking. The age put on this stage of development is around six years, notably different from Robin’s three. In another study by Dunn (1988), children from a very young age were shown to have the ability co-operate with each other and engage in complex types of play such as fantasy play whereby other identities were taken on requiring different forms of language (Corsair, 1986). Dunn (1988) even showed that children as young as eight months were able to share and recognize the mood of a sibling and by fourteen months had the ability to co-operate in another’s goals. However, the idea that examples can be found that find children performing better then Pigged would have originally predicted is not something new. Donaldson Hiding the Policeman experiment is a case in point (Donaldson and Hughes, 1978), as are other examples (Miscarriage and Donaldson, 1974; Light et al. , 1979). The intent of this essay at this point however, is not to argue the individual merits of Paginating theory, for even Donaldson criticisms can be regarded as an enhancement of the theory rather than a dismissing out of hand. It can be suggested that her argument is based on children’s reasoning being regarded as more sophisticated then first proposed, with the emphasis now to be placed within the social context for which a situation occurred, I. . That things make ‘human sense’ to the child (Dates et al. , 2005). Instead the point here is to show that by using this influential developmental approach that the significance of peer and sibling interaction can be more clearly en. For it should also be noted that Pigged himself valued this cognitive development aspect of peer relationships, referring to it as socio-cognitive conflict where he argued that these interactions exposed the child to conflicting views from people who were of equal status to themselves thus motivating a rethink of their own understandings. The power imbalance of adult’s interactions lends to this (Dates et In light of what has been said so far it could be argued that peer and sibling relationships contribute to advancement in cognitive and social skills. However, as Cantor et al. (1999) warns that social competence should not be conceived as a static set of abilities and that other factors in the child’s environment should also be considered to contribute too child’s development. And so taking again our real life example ‘Rubin’, one would expect that his advanced developmental and social skills would lead too socially more successful life. To the contrary Rubin was reported by almost half his class (and later by assessment) as displaying somewhat anti-social behaviors. One reason Open University (2006) gives for this is a lack of concentration, which, it is hoped, will be remedied with fish oil supplements. The second reason, it is suggested is partly due to instability within the home environment. Robin’s mother is pregnant and this is causing tensions with her partner. The point to be drawn from this however, is that although play and interaction with siblings and peers is important for a child’s development it should not be taken as a prescription for normal or ‘healthy patterns’ of development (Schaffer, 1996) at least by western industrialized standards. Instead a more holistic approach should be adopted with regard to the multi-dimensional dynamic of a person’s developmental thaw from birth to maturity. Perhaps a good model to consider would be Sombreros (1987) Transactional model of development. There are limitations however of psychologists accounts in this area. One such being the lack of research and evidence into the ever growing use of new technologies by young people when engaging in social activity. Maybe (2003) notes that the prevalence of mobile phone use has created an environment that allows for young people to have twenty-four hour contact with each other without parental interference thus, providing a greater level of privacy and independence. However, it would also be noted that Dunn (2004) has valued this privacy aspect of friendship in early interactions as it aids young people in ciphering out the ‘intricate balance of power and status between people’ as well as giving them experience in relationships different from that which they share with their parents. This could also be construed as the beginnings of independence. Another limitation is that the majority of the research noted here has been carried out in westernizes societies. How to cite The Significance of Sibling and Peer interaction on Children, Papers

Historical Battle Analysis Battle of Inchon free essay sample

Battle Analysis: Battle of Inchon, 1950 On 25 June 1950, North Korea forces launched a surprise invasion on South Korea under the command of Kim Il-sung and the North Korean People’s Army. During this time, the North Korean People’s Army forced through the 38th parallel and pushed through the unprepared Republic of Korea forces to the Southeast Pusan peninsula. The approximately 125 mile defensive perimeter was the point where United Nation forces withdrew to by August, 1950 and held that Southeast position of the peninsula. While UN forces were outnumbered, commanders were in search for a new course of action that would help skew the war in favor of them. At this point, General of the Army Douglas MacArthur first conceived his plan for what would become the Battle of Inchon. Inchon is located in the Northwestern corner of modern South Korea and was a key location for the North Korean forces. Inchon, located just 25 miles west of the nation’s capital, Seoul, was a key location for North Korean resupplies. Friendly intelligence and air reconnaissance observed that there were two major supply lines that were along the two major highways coming from both the northeast and northwest. It was through these two major supply lines that North Korean forces were able to then disseminate supplies throughout the South Korean peninsula and ultimately down to the Pusan area in the southeast corner. Because Inchon was such a key location for enemy resupply, General of the Army MacArthur chose to attack the enemy at this point. Many criticized General MacArthur’s decisions to plan an attack on Inchon for many reasons. To start, an amphibious attack on Inchon would be difficult due to the disadvantageous terrain, high and sporadic tides on shore, and the fact that the seawalls were easily defendable. However, General MacArthur chose this type of attack on this specific location because of these facts, stating that the enemy would not expect an attack from such a disadvantageous point. The mission was to capture Inchon, Seoul, and disrupt enemy resupply into the rest of the South Korea peninsula. General MacArthur then held a conference in August in Tokyo, Japan with the head commanders of the armed forces and other UN commanders to discuss the planning of an amphibious attack, known later on as Operation Chromite. During the planning phase of Operation Chromite, General MacArthur tasked Major General Edward Almond as the Corps Commander for the operation. The 10th Corps was created and had at its disposal the 1st Marine Division based out of California (and at that point deployed throughout the world), and the Army 7th Infantry Division. General MacArthur then had to plan the way in which he would initiate the attack due to the tidal conditions on the Inchon shore. Because the tidal conditions were so poor and so disadvantageous, studies that were conducted showed the mid-September would be the more effective time to initiate the attack. However, special tactics were still necessary in order to accomplish the mission in this area. Mud flats were seen to be present during low tides, so to combat this problem, waves of troops would be sent in and be required to wait approximately 3 hours before reinforcements could be sent in. Now that the planning phase was near complete, orders were soon made to prepare the area with air strikes and other bombers. Two days prior to the initial attack on 15 September 1950, pre-invasion bombardments were ordered. On 13 September and 14 September, B-29 Bombers and other bombers were sent in for air strikes on Inchon and surrounding areas in order to prepare the area for invasion that would soon follow. Battleships from UN forces would fire on the Inchon area beforehand and also attack up to four other coastal cities in order confuse the enemy before the invasion. Additionally, UN forces sent six major battleship destroyers to hone in on the enemy and initiate contact. Once the enemy land batteries were located, their location was recorded and processed so that their location was known and pinpointed for naval and air attacks later on during the operation. Now that the pre-invasion bombardment was established and complete, Operation Chromite was ready to begin the next day. On 15 September 1950, UN naval ships left Japan with the 10th Corps troops heading for the west coast of Korea. At 0600 that day, the 3rd Battalion, 5th Marine Regiment would land on a local island off the coast of Inchon to secure the location for the attack to commence. At 1800, during high tide, the remainder of the 5th Marine Regiment and the 1st Marine Regiment would simultaneously attack Inchon from the North and South, respectively. They would attack the Green Beach on Wolmi-do Island. The attack was constructed into three elements, attacked in separate areas on the shore, separated into â€Å"Green Beach† â€Å"Red Beach† â€Å"Blue Beach†. Each of these locations were advantageous in their own ways and combined to create an overall advantage in the mission to capture Inchon. Later on, the 7th Marine regiment would also be used for support in the operation. During the entire operation at this time, General MacArthur would be observing from the commanders ship off the coast. While the Marine regiments were attacking Inchon and securing the location, the Army’s 7th Infantry Division would enter through Inchon and head south toward Suwon in order to establish a blockade along that major road and also create a flank on the southern end. The intent of this was to set up a double sided attack on North Korean forces in the center of the peninsula since there were already friendly forces all the way on the southeast peninsula in Pusan. While these attacks were occurring, due in part to the tidal conditions of the region, reinforcement capabilities at that time were not sent in for another ten hours. Despite this minor disadvantage for the UN forces, North Korean and Communist forces soon surrendered after only like opposing force and Inchon was ultimately captured and secured. Once Inchon was secure, General of the Army MacArthur came to visit Major General Almond, 10th Corps Commander, to discuss future operations of the 10th Corps on 19 September 1950. Following this meeting, the 5th Marine Regiment travelled along the west bank to cross and secure the Han River for future amphibious attacks. This was the greatest barrier between Inchon and Seoul. Although the river was wide and the terrain was not advantageous, it was soon secured by the 5th Marine Regiment for future operations. While the Han River was being secured, the 8th Army, commanded by Lieutenant General Walton H. Walker, headed for Seoul now that the North Korean and Communist forces had resupply efforts cut off by the 10th Corps’ success. In a turn of events, on 17 September, the Kimpo airfield was captured and secured, soon becoming operational by the 5th Marine Regiment. The Kimpo airfield was now capable of airlifts and friendly resupply and had nearly 400 tons of new supplies come in daily for supporting forces. General MacArthur now visited the Kimpo airfield to further consult with his fellow combat commanders and to continue to plan for the capture of Seoul and defeat the enemy forces. It was at this point that the 187th Airborne Infantry Regiment was called up from being in reserve in Japan. On 23 September they were called up and ordered to capture and secure the Kimpo peninsula, a bordering area of Inchon and Seoul. Once these supporting elements were ordered and established, it was time for the main effort to capture and secure the capital of Seoul. On 24 September, the 5th Marine Regiment headed for Seoul along with support from the 1st Marine Regiment as well. Now in more suburban warfare environment within the heart of the city, various communist units held buildings in the area. Then while this was underway, the 7th Infantry Division was ordered to now enter Seoul from the south to aid in support after just successfully capturing the Suwon airfield. Now that these various units were attacking Seoul from nearly all angles, 10th Corps Commander Major General Almond ordered the 7th Infantry Division to additionally commit a regiment to cross the, now secure, Han River, and capture the South Mountain. Their follow on mission was to flank Seoul from the south in supporting the other units already there at this time. On 25 September at 0630, the Army regiment that was sent reached the bank and took small arms contact. Despite this, by noon they captured South Mountain, which was a major terrain feature with various advantages to it. Now that units were placed on all the surrounding points of Seoul, the UN forces were gaining momentum and advantage over the area. On 26 September, North Korean enemy forces were forced out of the city. Soon after, on 27 September, the 7th Army Division troops met up with the 1st Calvary Division, leaving many communist troops trapped by US forces in the middle of the peninsula. On 29 September, General MacArthur participated in the Seoul liberation ceremony, in which he restored order and power to the South Korean authorities. At this point, the 10th Corps was relieved of all tactical responsibilities on 07 October. After just 22 days, the mission was complete and the UN forces, under General MacArthur’s command, were able to capture and secure Inchon, Seoul, and defeat the enemy at key resupply points. Operation Chromite also suffered many casualties. Throughout the battle, 566 were reported killed and 2,713 reported wounded for the UN forces. The North Korean People’s Army lost an estimated 35,000 killed, captured, or wounded. The aftermath of the Battle of Inchon was a turning point in the Korean War because of the advantage it then gave UN forces in what seemed to be a soon defeat when they were cornered at the Pusan peninsula. Although many criticized General MacArthur for his initial plan, the surprise and methodical planning of Operation Chromite was seen as a success for UN forces. When analyzing the Battle of Inchon, we see that all nine principles of war were evident during this battle. We will see that Mass, Objective, Offensive, Surprise, Economy of Force, Maneuver, Unity of Command, Security, and Simplicity were all factors seen during this battle. Mass is concentrated combat power at a distinct time and place during war. Mass is about synchronizing elements to create the desired result in the most time efficient manner. Mass is required to be quick, decisive, and coordinated in order to create the most efficient attack on the objective or enemy. During the Battle of Inchon, mass was seen when all units, where needed and most efficient, were used to attack Inchon and Seoul. During the initial amphibious attack on Inchon, various regiments were used to attack the enemy. Additionally, the Marine and Army units were able to capture and secure the location in a time efficient manner, capture Inchon in only a few days. Forces were concentrated and focused on certain objectives throughout the Operation. Whether it be on Inchon, the Suwon blocking position, or Seoul, forces were concentrated in order to have the greatest and most effective effect. Through these examples, Mass was seen as a component in the Battle of Inchon. Objective is the clearly defined, decisive, and attainable target or objective that is the goal for the mission or operation. Objective is also about disrupting the enemy and rendering them incapable of war. This principle can be seen during the two main objectives of Inchon first, then Seoul. Both these were clearly defined objectives with a clear purpose, a clear goal and mission statement. Inchon was a key objective due to its advantageous link and route to Seoul. And then Seoul was key due to the two major supply routes that ran directly through the city. By targeting Seoul and the supply lines, the objective and mission statement was clear and concise. These objectives also clearly disrupted enemy forces by both keeping the enemy busy in battle and also by limiting supplies to the area and throughout the rest of the peninsula. Objective is also a principle that we see as a clear component in this battle through its objective and clear mission end state. Offensive is the holding, seizing, and retaining objectives by getting decisive results. The goal is to have the enemy react to you based on your chosen actions or attack. Offensive is seen in the Battle of Inchon when Inchon, along with the two major airfields were seized. By seizing Inchon and the key air fields, UN forces were able to hold these key areas in order to maintain the advantage that they wanted. Additionally, once the airfields were secure, they acquired the freedom of action to then send in airlifts and resupplies to help their cause. The attacks on Inchon and capturing the airfields then required the enemy to react to UN actions and to react to the chosen acts they made and initiated. Offensive is seen in the Battle of Inchon through the airfields and attack on Inchon itself. Surprise is maintaining control in a situation by attacking the enemy when unprepared. Surprise is necessary in order to maintain the advantage during an attack. Surprise requires an attack when the enemy is unprepared. Surprise was evident during the Battle of Inchon in the location choice off the west coast. This area was seen as not being an advantageous location, but nevertheless, General MacArthur picked this because it would catch the enemy unprepared. The enemy never would imagine an attack of that magnitude on the Inchon shores because of the tidal conditions, seawall defenses, and other terrain features. This element of surprise was able to have the enemy off guard and not have enough resources to attack with enough strength necessary. Surprise was a key element that led to the success of Operation Chromite in the end. Economy of force is about using as little force as necessary to ensure mission success. Economy of force is using the necessary amount of units needed while still having an effective armed forces. All elements need a purpose in order to be used effectively during an operation. Economy of force was used when attacking and recapturing the capital of Seoul. Various units were used in order to effectively have the city surrounded and supported by UN forces. While units all had an essential and clear role in surrounding and capturing the city, units were then moved and used to support other areas that would support the overall mission. This was seen when a regiment of the 7th Infantry Division was ordered to flank around the city in order to support the mission form the south. Economy of force was evident during this battle as units were used as necessary in order to create the most effective result within as minimum force needed. Maneuver is about creating the most effective movement during an operation that gives them the greatest advantage, protection, and ultimately, the upper hand. Maneuver is about the ability to use flexible combat power. Maneuver was seen in the Battle of Inchon by the movement and maneuver of the units used to flank Inchon, Seoul, and other key locations that were captured. By maneuvering elements to flank around and catch the enemy off guard, UN forces were able to gain the advantage during battle. Maneuver was also seen when entering the Inchon shore and having units coordinate with the tidal conditions, although a disadvantage at some points, it was an advantage later on as units were then on the shores and able to attack the enemy. Maneuver is a component that is seen throughout the Battle of Inchon as well. Unity of command is about having one commander throughout an operation to ensure clear leadership. Overall, General of the Army MacArthur was the commander of the UN forces during Operation Chromite and create the plan that was then prepared for and executed. General MacArthur was able to lead the UN forces during this time so that they would effectively disrupt the enemy, its resupply, and capture key areas. Furthermore, Major General Almond can be seen as unity of command under the 10th Corps during the 22 day operation. Unity of command was clearly seen during the Battle of Inchon and throughout the Korean War. Security is about maintaining control of areas, intelligence, and acquiring counter intelligence when necessary. Security is key during battle to ensure success and to maintain the upper hand. Security was maintained throughout the Battle of Inchon in a variety of ways. First, intelligence and reconnaissance was conducted and collected prior to the pre-invasion bombardments. Furthermore, the island off the coast was first secure for friendly units. Security was always the top priority for each of the areas that the UN forces sought to capture. Security was maintained at all times during the Battle of Inchon to ensure that at no point was the upper hand given to the enemy. The final principle of war is simplicity, which is having a clear, concise, and uncomplicated plan. Simplicity is key so that all elements are able to understand their purpose, and the commander’s intent and end state. Simplicity was seen throughout the Battle of Inchon because of the simple flanking that UN forces would initiate to capture key areas and locations. Simplicity is the ability to create a basic plan that all can understand, which all participating units during the Battle of Inchon understood during that time. All nine of the principles of war can be clearly seen in the Battle of Inchon. Each principle is key in the planning, preparation, and execution of each element of the battle. Every step had each of these principles in mind and this factor led to the success of General MacArthur and the UN forces. The Battle of Inchon can be seen as a success for the UN forces because of its successful planning and results in capturing Inchon, Seoul, and key airfields and locations. The importance of this battle was not only to capture these areas, but to also ultimately create the opportunity for forces down in the southeast Pusan peninsula to be able to attack back and push the North Korean People’s Army farther north.

Historical Battle Analysis Battle of Inchon free essay sample

Battle Analysis: Battle of Inchon, 1950 On 25 June 1950, North Korea forces launched a surprise invasion on South Korea under the command of Kim Il-sung and the North Korean People’s Army. During this time, the North Korean People’s Army forced through the 38th parallel and pushed through the unprepared Republic of Korea forces to the Southeast Pusan peninsula. The approximately 125 mile defensive perimeter was the point where United Nation forces withdrew to by August, 1950 and held that Southeast position of the peninsula. While UN forces were outnumbered, commanders were in search for a new course of action that would help skew the war in favor of them. At this point, General of the Army Douglas MacArthur first conceived his plan for what would become the Battle of Inchon. Inchon is located in the Northwestern corner of modern South Korea and was a key location for the North Korean forces. Inchon, located just 25 miles west of the nation’s capital, Seoul, was a key location for North Korean resupplies. Friendly intelligence and air reconnaissance observed that there were two major supply lines that were along the two major highways coming from both the northeast and northwest. It was through these two major supply lines that North Korean forces were able to then disseminate supplies throughout the South Korean peninsula and ultimately down to the Pusan area in the southeast corner. Because Inchon was such a key location for enemy resupply, General of the Army MacArthur chose to attack the enemy at this point. Many criticized General MacArthur’s decisions to plan an attack on Inchon for many reasons. To start, an amphibious attack on Inchon would be difficult due to the disadvantageous terrain, high and sporadic tides on shore, and the fact that the seawalls were easily defendable. However, General MacArthur chose this type of attack on this specific location because of these facts, stating that the enemy would not expect an attack from such a disadvantageous point. The mission was to capture Inchon, Seoul, and disrupt enemy resupply into the rest of the South Korea peninsula. General MacArthur then held a conference in August in Tokyo, Japan with the head commanders of the armed forces and other UN commanders to discuss the planning of an amphibious attack, known later on as Operation Chromite. During the planning phase of Operation Chromite, General MacArthur tasked Major General Edward Almond as the Corps Commander for the operation. The 10th Corps was created and had at its disposal the 1st Marine Division based out of California (and at that point deployed throughout the world), and the Army 7th Infantry Division. General MacArthur then had to plan the way in which he would initiate the attack due to the tidal conditions on the Inchon shore. Because the tidal conditions were so poor and so disadvantageous, studies that were conducted showed the mid-September would be the more effective time to initiate the attack. However, special tactics were still necessary in order to accomplish the mission in this area. Mud flats were seen to be present during low tides, so to combat this problem, waves of troops would be sent in and be required to wait approximately 3 hours before reinforcements could be sent in. Now that the planning phase was near complete, orders were soon made to prepare the area with air strikes and other bombers. Two days prior to the initial attack on 15 September 1950, pre-invasion bombardments were ordered. On 13 September and 14 September, B-29 Bombers and other bombers were sent in for air strikes on Inchon and surrounding areas in order to prepare the area for invasion that would soon follow. Battleships from UN forces would fire on the Inchon area beforehand and also attack up to four other coastal cities in order confuse the enemy before the invasion. Additionally, UN forces sent six major battleship destroyers to hone in on the enemy and initiate contact. Once the enemy land batteries were located, their location was recorded and processed so that their location was known and pinpointed for naval and air attacks later on during the operation. Now that the pre-invasion bombardment was established and complete, Operation Chromite was ready to begin the next day. On 15 September 1950, UN naval ships left Japan with the 10th Corps troops heading for the west coast of Korea. At 0600 that day, the 3rd Battalion, 5th Marine Regiment would land on a local island off the coast of Inchon to secure the location for the attack to commence. At 1800, during high tide, the remainder of the 5th Marine Regiment and the 1st Marine Regiment would simultaneously attack Inchon from the North and South, respectively. They would attack the Green Beach on Wolmi-do Island. The attack was constructed into three elements, attacked in separate areas on the shore, separated into â€Å"Green Beach† â€Å"Red Beach† â€Å"Blue Beach†. Each of these locations were advantageous in their own ways and combined to create an overall advantage in the mission to capture Inchon. Later on, the 7th Marine regiment would also be used for support in the operation. During the entire operation at this time, General MacArthur would be observing from the commanders ship off the coast. While the Marine regiments were attacking Inchon and securing the location, the Army’s 7th Infantry Division would enter through Inchon and head south toward Suwon in order to establish a blockade along that major road and also create a flank on the southern end. The intent of this was to set up a double sided attack on North Korean forces in the center of the peninsula since there were already friendly forces all the way on the southeast peninsula in Pusan. While these attacks were occurring, due in part to the tidal conditions of the region, reinforcement capabilities at that time were not sent in for another ten hours. Despite this minor disadvantage for the UN forces, North Korean and Communist forces soon surrendered after only like opposing force and Inchon was ultimately captured and secured. Once Inchon was secure, General of the Army MacArthur came to visit Major General Almond, 10th Corps Commander, to discuss future operations of the 10th Corps on 19 September 1950. Following this meeting, the 5th Marine Regiment travelled along the west bank to cross and secure the Han River for future amphibious attacks. This was the greatest barrier between Inchon and Seoul. Although the river was wide and the terrain was not advantageous, it was soon secured by the 5th Marine Regiment for future operations. While the Han River was being secured, the 8th Army, commanded by Lieutenant General Walton H. Walker, headed for Seoul now that the North Korean and Communist forces had resupply efforts cut off by the 10th Corps’ success. In a turn of events, on 17 September, the Kimpo airfield was captured and secured, soon becoming operational by the 5th Marine Regiment. The Kimpo airfield was now capable of airlifts and friendly resupply and had nearly 400 tons of new supplies come in daily for supporting forces. General MacArthur now visited the Kimpo airfield to further consult with his fellow combat commanders and to continue to plan for the capture of Seoul and defeat the enemy forces. It was at this point that the 187th Airborne Infantry Regiment was called up from being in reserve in Japan. On 23 September they were called up and ordered to capture and secure the Kimpo peninsula, a bordering area of Inchon and Seoul. Once these supporting elements were ordered and established, it was time for the main effort to capture and secure the capital of Seoul. On 24 September, the 5th Marine Regiment headed for Seoul along with support from the 1st Marine Regiment as well. Now in more suburban warfare environment within the heart of the city, various communist units held buildings in the area. Then while this was underway, the 7th Infantry Division was ordered to now enter Seoul from the south to aid in support after just successfully capturing the Suwon airfield. Now that these various units were attacking Seoul from nearly all angles, 10th Corps Commander Major General Almond ordered the 7th Infantry Division to additionally commit a regiment to cross the, now secure, Han River, and capture the South Mountain. Their follow on mission was to flank Seoul from the south in supporting the other units already there at this time. On 25 September at 0630, the Army regiment that was sent reached the bank and took small arms contact. Despite this, by noon they captured South Mountain, which was a major terrain feature with various advantages to it. Now that units were placed on all the surrounding points of Seoul, the UN forces were gaining momentum and advantage over the area. On 26 September, North Korean enemy forces were forced out of the city. Soon after, on 27 September, the 7th Army Division troops met up with the 1st Calvary Division, leaving many communist troops trapped by US forces in the middle of the peninsula. On 29 September, General MacArthur participated in the Seoul liberation ceremony, in which he restored order and power to the South Korean authorities. At this point, the 10th Corps was relieved of all tactical responsibilities on 07 October. After just 22 days, the mission was complete and the UN forces, under General MacArthur’s command, were able to capture and secure Inchon, Seoul, and defeat the enemy at key resupply points. Operation Chromite also suffered many casualties. Throughout the battle, 566 were reported killed and 2,713 reported wounded for the UN forces. The North Korean People’s Army lost an estimated 35,000 killed, captured, or wounded. The aftermath of the Battle of Inchon was a turning point in the Korean War because of the advantage it then gave UN forces in what seemed to be a soon defeat when they were cornered at the Pusan peninsula. Although many criticized General MacArthur for his initial plan, the surprise and methodical planning of Operation Chromite was seen as a success for UN forces. When analyzing the Battle of Inchon, we see that all nine principles of war were evident during this battle. We will see that Mass, Objective, Offensive, Surprise, Economy of Force, Maneuver, Unity of Command, Security, and Simplicity were all factors seen during this battle. Mass is concentrated combat power at a distinct time and place during war. Mass is about synchronizing elements to create the desired result in the most time efficient manner. Mass is required to be quick, decisive, and coordinated in order to create the most efficient attack on the objective or enemy. During the Battle of Inchon, mass was seen when all units, where needed and most efficient, were used to attack Inchon and Seoul. During the initial amphibious attack on Inchon, various regiments were used to attack the enemy. Additionally, the Marine and Army units were able to capture and secure the location in a time efficient manner, capture Inchon in only a few days. Forces were concentrated and focused on certain objectives throughout the Operation. Whether it be on Inchon, the Suwon blocking position, or Seoul, forces were concentrated in order to have the greatest and most effective effect. Through these examples, Mass was seen as a component in the Battle of Inchon. Objective is the clearly defined, decisive, and attainable target or objective that is the goal for the mission or operation. Objective is also about disrupting the enemy and rendering them incapable of war. This principle can be seen during the two main objectives of Inchon first, then Seoul. Both these were clearly defined objectives with a clear purpose, a clear goal and mission statement. Inchon was a key objective due to its advantageous link and route to Seoul. And then Seoul was key due to the two major supply routes that ran directly through the city. By targeting Seoul and the supply lines, the objective and mission statement was clear and concise. These objectives also clearly disrupted enemy forces by both keeping the enemy busy in battle and also by limiting supplies to the area and throughout the rest of the peninsula. Objective is also a principle that we see as a clear component in this battle through its objective and clear mission end state. Offensive is the holding, seizing, and retaining objectives by getting decisive results. The goal is to have the enemy react to you based on your chosen actions or attack. Offensive is seen in the Battle of Inchon when Inchon, along with the two major airfields were seized. By seizing Inchon and the key air fields, UN forces were able to hold these key areas in order to maintain the advantage that they wanted. Additionally, once the airfields were secure, they acquired the freedom of action to then send in airlifts and resupplies to help their cause. The attacks on Inchon and capturing the airfields then required the enemy to react to UN actions and to react to the chosen acts they made and initiated. Offensive is seen in the Battle of Inchon through the airfields and attack on Inchon itself. Surprise is maintaining control in a situation by attacking the enemy when unprepared. Surprise is necessary in order to maintain the advantage during an attack. Surprise requires an attack when the enemy is unprepared. Surprise was evident during the Battle of Inchon in the location choice off the west coast. This area was seen as not being an advantageous location, but nevertheless, General MacArthur picked this because it would catch the enemy unprepared. The enemy never would imagine an attack of that magnitude on the Inchon shores because of the tidal conditions, seawall defenses, and other terrain features. This element of surprise was able to have the enemy off guard and not have enough resources to attack with enough strength necessary. Surprise was a key element that led to the success of Operation Chromite in the end. Economy of force is about using as little force as necessary to ensure mission success. Economy of force is using the necessary amount of units needed while still having an effective armed forces. All elements need a purpose in order to be used effectively during an operation. Economy of force was used when attacking and recapturing the capital of Seoul. Various units were used in order to effectively have the city surrounded and supported by UN forces. While units all had an essential and clear role in surrounding and capturing the city, units were then moved and used to support other areas that would support the overall mission. This was seen when a regiment of the 7th Infantry Division was ordered to flank around the city in order to support the mission form the south. Economy of force was evident during this battle as units were used as necessary in order to create the most effective result within as minimum force needed. Maneuver is about creating the most effective movement during an operation that gives them the greatest advantage, protection, and ultimately, the upper hand. Maneuver is about the ability to use flexible combat power. Maneuver was seen in the Battle of Inchon by the movement and maneuver of the units used to flank Inchon, Seoul, and other key locations that were captured. By maneuvering elements to flank around and catch the enemy off guard, UN forces were able to gain the advantage during battle. Maneuver was also seen when entering the Inchon shore and having units coordinate with the tidal conditions, although a disadvantage at some points, it was an advantage later on as units were then on the shores and able to attack the enemy. Maneuver is a component that is seen throughout the Battle of Inchon as well. Unity of command is about having one commander throughout an operation to ensure clear leadership. Overall, General of the Army MacArthur was the commander of the UN forces during Operation Chromite and create the plan that was then prepared for and executed. General MacArthur was able to lead the UN forces during this time so that they would effectively disrupt the enemy, its resupply, and capture key areas. Furthermore, Major General Almond can be seen as unity of command under the 10th Corps during the 22 day operation. Unity of command was clearly seen during the Battle of Inchon and throughout the Korean War. Security is about maintaining control of areas, intelligence, and acquiring counter intelligence when necessary. Security is key during battle to ensure success and to maintain the upper hand. Security was maintained throughout the Battle of Inchon in a variety of ways. First, intelligence and reconnaissance was conducted and collected prior to the pre-invasion bombardments. Furthermore, the island off the coast was first secure for friendly units. Security was always the top priority for each of the areas that the UN forces sought to capture. Security was maintained at all times during the Battle of Inchon to ensure that at no point was the upper hand given to the enemy. The final principle of war is simplicity, which is having a clear, concise, and uncomplicated plan. Simplicity is key so that all elements are able to understand their purpose, and the commander’s intent and end state. Simplicity was seen throughout the Battle of Inchon because of the simple flanking that UN forces would initiate to capture key areas and locations. Simplicity is the ability to create a basic plan that all can understand, which all participating units during the Battle of Inchon understood during that time. All nine of the principles of war can be clearly seen in the Battle of Inchon. Each principle is key in the planning, preparation, and execution of each element of the battle. Every step had each of these principles in mind and this factor led to the success of General MacArthur and the UN forces. The Battle of Inchon can be seen as a success for the UN forces because of its successful planning and results in capturing Inchon, Seoul, and key airfields and locations. The importance of this battle was not only to capture these areas, but to also ultimately create the opportunity for forces down in the southeast Pusan peninsula to be able to attack back and push the North Korean People’s Army farther north.

Discuss Williams dramatic presentation of Blanche Essay Example

Discuss Williams dramatic presentation of Blanche Paper A Streetcar Named Desire makes it clear that for Williams the act of fleeing always becomes the act of reliving the past. Flight forces the presence of the past on his characters as the presence of what they attempted to flee. ’ Discuss William’s dramatic presentation of Blanche. Blanche is portrayed as a complex, delusional, psychotic character in denial, shown when she says at the conclusion ‘Is it the gentleman I was expecting from Dallas? ’ when there is no gentleman. This is done through William’s use of dramatic language and style ‘She begins to speak with feverish vivacity’. Blanche is out of place in Scene One where her clothes are described as ‘incongruous to the setting’. She is out of place geographically, having been exiled from Laurel because of the turmoil with her husband committing suicide and her relationship with a student. She portrays herself as a Southern Belle in Laurel and continues this in New Orleans-she is a lost soul. She has moved from a large estate, Belle Reve, to sharing a small apartment. She is portrayed as having money but she didn’t buy Belle Reve, it was handed down to her but she never admits to having nothing. We will write a custom essay sample on Discuss Williams dramatic presentation of Blanche specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Discuss Williams dramatic presentation of Blanche specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Discuss Williams dramatic presentation of Blanche specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Her clothes reflect the kind of person she is, they are always ‘off white’ because she is not pure and are similar to that of a moth which is referred to in the play because of how Blanche reacts to the light, ‘I like it dark, the dark is comforting’. In biblical terms ‘light’ is the same as ‘truth’ and Blanche lies throughout the play. Williams is keen to convey to the audience how vulnerable she is in the first scene, ‘her shoulders slightly hunched’ however as the play develops the audience becomes less sympathetic towards her. Blanche shows how snobby she is which is seen as pathetic and the audience pity her because of the way she is reacting. She believes she is above everyone when she realises where Stella lives, ‘This-can this-be her home? ’ This is ironic because it is Blanche who has lost her home and has all of her belongings in a suitcase. William’s creates a very dismal scene when Blanche is on her own in Stella’s house, describing the inside of the house; ‘The surrounding areas dim out as the interior is lighted. Two rooms can be seen, not too clearly defined. And then suddenly she notices the alcohol and there is a change which is the first sign of Blanche being an alcoholic. Blanche is described as ‘springing’ up to get to the alcohol and ‘tosses’ it down and Williams uses the same wording to describe how Blanche reacts to Stella coming into the room which shows the relationship Blanche has with alcohol. She displays the behaviour of an alcoholic by ‘carefully replacing the bottle and washing out the tumbler’. She acts like she has not seen the alcohol when Stella comes in, ‘while I look around for some liquor! ’ Blanche is in denial about being an alcoholic-she tells Stella ‘your sister hasn’t turned into a drunkard’ and this is true for the other parts of Blanche’s life. When Blanche commences her talk about Belle Reve and what her life has been like, the audience gets the sense of her delusional state of mind which could be perceived as madness and this continues through the play; ‘I received a telegram from an old admirer of mine’. Dramatically Williams creates the effect of Blanche losing her composure and control and turning into a tragic wreck, ‘Blanche begins to shake again with intensity’. The repetition and pause between ‘the loss†¦ the loss’ show how traumatised Blanche is with losing Belle Reve. When Blanche is describing all the deaths in her family it is as though she has gone into her own world and, although talking to Stella, she is convincing herself how hard it was for her. Williams uses dramatic imagery, ‘Sometimes their breathing is hoarse, and sometimes it rattles’ to create sympathy. Blanche uses ‘honey’ to distract from the fact that she is being mean to Stella and accusing her. Blanche portrays a different nature towards the end of her speech, becoming more forceful, ‘Where were you. In bed with your –Polack! ’ Then, again, she suddenly changes to a different tone, ‘Oh, Stella, Stella, you’re crying! ’ as though she is surprised that she has upset her. This is a way of gaining sympathy because she acts like she didn’t realise how rude she was being-it also shows the start of a mental illness with Blanche not being able to control everything she does all the time. This creates a dramatic tension because Williams changes the personality of Blanche so quickly that the reader cannot understand her fully. Throughout the play Blanche has various mood swings, such as with Mitch. In Scene Two, Blanche is very pleasant towards Stanley, ‘I’m going to ask a favour of you in a moment’ and then, suddenly, she changes to a fierce tone, ‘The touch of your hands insults them! ’ There is dramatic irony in this scene also because Blanche doesn’t want to say why she has moved from Laurel, ‘I†¦Uh’ and as the play continues she develops even more elaborate stories, but she says to Stanley that women should ‘(lay) cards on the table. ’ This shows Blanche is a hypocrite and the tension between her and Stanley over this leads of her breakdown, especially after the rape. Scene Ten is a tragic scene because Blanche is upset from her confrontation Mitch, ‘Blanche has been drinking fairly steadily’ and the audience start to fully realise the state of her mind ‘decked herself out in a somewhat soiled and crumpled white satin evening gown’ which shows the change from the beginning where she always wanted to look her best and didn’t wear white. She looks in the mirror and then ‘slams it face down with such violence that the glass cracks. ’ This is a dramatic and symbolic action and breaking a mirror is also considered bad luck so it makes the audience foreshadow the tragic outcome. The tension between Blanche and Stanley gradually builds until Blanche becomes terrified and is raped. The shadows are described as ‘grotesque and menacing’ which makes the scene powerful and Williams intention is for it to seem like there are more people intent on hurting Blanche than are actually there. This also plays with Blanche’s mind and portrays her mental instability. Blanche sits down ‘wearily’ which shows the audience that Blanche is gradually giving up. Tragedy is defined as ‘An event causing great suffering, destruction and distress’ and this scene is compiled of all three. Blanche suffers from the way Stanley behaves towards her and Stella suffers afterwards in not knowing who to believe, ‘I couldn’t believe her story and go on living with Stanley. ’ There is great distress from Blanche in this scene because she is scared about what will happen, ‘Stay back! Don’t you come towards me†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Williams creates drama and tension by not saying what happens between Blanche and Stanley. Like Stella, the audience have to make their own judgment as to whom to believe. Blanche commands the audience’s attention throughout, which is what she wants with the other characters too. She wants to have a hold over people, particularly men. This is shown when the audience can see that her late husband didn’t want to marry her, but she forced him to. When she is describing how she fell in love with him, she says ‘It was like you suddenly turned a blinding light on’ which is different to how she lives now with not wanting to be near a strong light. A young boy comes to deliver a paper to the house and although Blanche doesn’t know him she flirts with him. She wants to know that she can still have a hold over men even though she is older, ‘You make my mouth water’. Williams creates suspense by Blanche hinting at the reason she had to leave Laurel, ‘but I’ve got to be good and keep my hands off children. ’ Overall, the last scene also defines tragedy, ‘A serious play in which the chief character passes through a series of misfortunes leading to a final, devastating catastrophe. ’ The scene is made more dramatic by being extended, to prolong Blanche’s ordeal. Blanche is having a bath, again, to wash away the guilt and her past, and, ‘The atmosphere of the kitchen is now the same raw, lurid one of the disastrous poker night. ’ which creates dramatic tension because the audience can sense, like Blanche, that something bad will happen. However, Blanche, being the self-centred person that she is, thinks that the reason everyone is sombre is her appearance, ‘Is something wrong with me? ’ This is ironic because mentally there is something wrong with her. There is reference to her old life, ‘I have always depended on the kindness of strangers’ and Blanche shows that she trusts men over woman by doing what the doctor wants but not the matron. This is ironic because men have been the ones hurting her over the years, for example, she was in love with her husband and he was homosexual, she has been used for sex by soldiers and Stanley hasn’t been nice to her. Blanche shows how hurt she is by Stella and Stanley by ‘(walking) on without turning.

5 Strategies to Overcome Your Essay Writing Anxiety

5 Strategies to Overcome Your Essay Writing Anxiety 5 Strategies to Overcome Your Essay Writing Anxiety There will be some times in your student life when you will have to deal with writing anxiety or writer’s block. It will stop you in your tracks. The words will escape your mind instead of rolling off of your tongue. It happens even to the best writers, so don’t think that you are doing something wrong. However, there are times when you can’t just hang it up for the night: you have to hit that deadline. So, when you hit that â€Å"brick wall†, here are some things that will break right through it, so that you can get back to the process. Writing Buddy.  When times are getting tough and you feel as though you can’t pull through, you can really benefit from having a writing buddy. They act as a great sounding board to bounce some ideas off. They can also help you decide on what to write when you get stuck. Get yourself a writing buddy (your friend or your group mate), so that when you are stuck, you can get in touch with them and they can help you work your way out of it. Assess Your Strengths.  Understand what you are good at. There are certain styles of writing that you will do better than others. For example, not everyone can write creatively. Some can do it without an issue. Others are great with academic pieces. Gravitate around the assignments that you are good at. If there are parts of an essay that you are good with, skip to that section. You don’t have to write a paper from beginning to end. When you have the best part of your paper written, it will be much easier to complete it by adding what is missing. Understand the Process.  Many writers get stuck because they have some unrealistic ideas about the writing process. Some writers expect to handle a writing assignment in a certain amount of time and then if they fail to meet their expectations, it makes it hard for them. Writing is such a mental game. You need to not only understand what you are writing about, but you also have to know that there will be times when even the simplest assignments take too long. Give Yourself Some Credit.  You need to give yourself some credit for being able to write the way you do. It is not always easy and sometimes you just need to give yourself a pat on the back. Think about your accomplishments.  When it comes to understanding the writing process, you have to realize that a large portion of it is mental. If you are not in the right mindset, you may not be able to effectively write the papers that you are trying to finish. You need to understand the writing process and realize that sometimes you won’t get it right the first time around. Get Support.  If you are still struggling, you can always seek professional essay writing help online. It is the best way to get out of funk because the professional writers have many tips that you can use. They can help you brainstorm ideas, come up with a good topic, and assist you when you are stuck. When you are feeling anxious, they can walk you through the writing process and make it much easier. These tips will help you when you get in a jam. If you have the time, you can always walk away and come back to it later. The ideas will start flowing again and you can get back to work. Take a walk, get a snack, or do a couple of jumping jacks. Just break your train of thought and watch the ideas flood back in.

Astronomy Frontier paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Astronomy Frontier - Research Paper Example Recent discoveries by the astronomers illustrate that BHs are the major partner to expand the galaxies. Before finding the activities of black holes, it is necessary to mention here the size and shape of BHs. A black hole is observed by three factors: All these three factors, mass, gravity and emission of radiations, are responsible to generate accretion. McClintock is of the opinion that this is common notion among the astronomers that accretion is one of the main originators of the universe. The accretion disks have powerful influence on galaxy. The energy, produced by the motion of accretion disc around black hole, generates stars development, builds or destroys galaxy structure, and reloads the large amount of elements which has a constructive engagement for planet construction. There is a great question, partially answered, that â€Å"what is the actual relationship between galaxy and black hole?† â€Å"Why are the black holes necessary for galaxy?† â€Å"Why do galaxies generate the black holes in it?† The astronomers have discovered that early galaxies (about 4 galaxies) were 30 times large to black holes in them. But every galaxy has black hole in center so it has been concluded that the black hole generates stars around it and then galaxy breeds (Cattaneo and Best 518–523). Practically, almost all the big galaxies congregate a BH in it. The black holes vary in size and mass. It can be in millions of cosmological masses. As the mass and quantity of black holes increase the galaxy gains a great change in it. The activities of accretion discs enable galactic nuclei to gain the heat and eject the heavy gases from it. Jeffrey E. McClintock, Ph.D., Senior Astrophysicist, Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, says: â€Å"There is strong evidence that a supermassive black hole lies at the center of the Milky Way. Astronomers believe this black hole is a radio-wave source known as Sagittarius A* (SgrA*). The

Internet and Digital Marketing Communications Essay

Internet and Digital Marketing Communications - Essay Example Dropbox Company is a company that designs a service to share and sync files over the internet between personal computers. It is a downloadable application. Through it, the users can easily share and synchronize files across smart phones and personal computers. The company is located in San Francisco, United States. The company further offers the customers with specific tasks, which include collaboration on office documents, running a startup and backing up photos. Despite the success of the company, the past few years has proven challenging to the management and the entire company. During this time, the company experienced a crisis management problem and lost many of its customers, making the image of the company to be tarnished. The company has since then taken a major step to win back the customers improve the image of the company as well as attracting perspective customers. Despite these great services to the users, users have been asking for new features. Most of these features violate the commitment of the company to offer a simple product that is also easy-to-use. Therefore, Dropbox needs to go beyond syncing and file sharing so that it targets the customer needs. This is the only way it can stay the course. This situation has raised the need for the company to take the company back to its previous performance or to even high heights. The marketing department of this company has been pointed to have the most significant role in this activity. This is because this department has a major responsibility in guiding. and leading the other departments of the company in the development, production, fulfilling the products and the services to the customers. Marketing communication Marketing communication is a strategy that refers to the process of creating awareness, reminding or/and persuading customers of a product or a service (Yeshin, 2002). Marketing communication is significant in influencing a buyer’s purchasing decision. Integrated marketing communication (IMC), on the other hand, refers to judicious and the effective use of promotional tools of a product in passing a message across to the customers or potential customers (Yeshin, 2002). The effect of IMC to the existing and prospective customers is often noticeable. This is because the framework of IMC involves the interaction of different marketing communication elements, which have potential to improve or trigger other communication media to contribute (Belch and Belch, 2003). A marketing plan is important in attaining success in marketing. This is because it enables a company and its marketing team to focus on the marketing process. A marketing plan can be prepared using different approaches. However, there are key stages to these different approaches. These key stages are contained in an acronym SOSTC, that is, situation analysis, objectives, strategies, tactics, and control (Reid, 2003). Integrated marketing communication is an aggressive marketing strategy that aims to capture and use extensive amount of information about customers to set and track marketing strategy

Review of Technology Opportunities for GLM's Information Systems Research Paper

Review of Technology Opportunities for GLM's Information Systems Management 2012-2017 - Research Paper Example This new technology has been seen to have a lot of potential. With the advent of information technology, there is a lot to be desired with the adoption of mobile applications. The mobile phone technology is proving to be a simple and effective method of managing applications and businesses. There is also the technology of customer relationship management software that has been used and employed extensively. With the use of this enterprise software, it is simple to manage the relationship that the organization has with the clients. It is good to know what the clients require. This paper will look at the role that the three technologies have on GLM Company. It will assess the role that these three technologies have. Introduction There have been some trends which have boosted the growth of enterprise software in the market. The first factor that was considered is the achievement of integrated information architectures which is used to improve the performance of business systems. When on e company adopts the use of enterprise software, the competition will also be compelled to adopt enterprise software so that they are at par in competition. The second fact that has boosted the adoption of packaged software is the Y2K bug which was feared as the world turned to the millennium. Since the bug was solved, another factor is the striving of the European Union to have one currency. This encouraged the companies to have packaged software to replace tailor-made software solutions. This is seen as a way of solving a universal bug instead of having independent software developers. This is hard because there will be difficulty if bugs like Y2K is realized in the market. Another factor is that there is the paradigm shift of businesses from the offline systems to e-commerce. There are the greater advances in technology where the companies are shifting to the use of the Internet for solutions to the problems and challenges found in the business world. A brief review of the organi zation’s IS/IM to date after the implementation of the findings from BCCD The organization’s information system has been greatly improved since the implementation of the finding from BCCD. The operations and activities in different departments have been running on smoothly. The major challenges the organization faces and need to be addressed is the fact the different systems that are running in each department are independent. These make the flow of information from one department to another and hence slow down the speed of doing business. Another issue that still exists is the fact that these systems are managed separately. This gives room to risk like fraud. As such there is need for improvement in the system so that these entire shortcomings are addressed. We must enhance marketing capability to respond to new markets 2. We must improve customer communication 3. We must build integrated IT systems which are easy to manage and responsive to customer needs 4. We must improve working environment and practices for staff. 5. We must provide customer support training for key customer interface staff. 6. We must enhance sales to increase existing markets. Description of the technologies Mobile technologies One challenge that the company has been facing is ensuring that they are efficient in offering the services and also being able to outdo its competing firms. Often, the staff is faced with the difficulty of both attending to clients and attending the training workshops that were demanded. The

How modernity arises through various theories

How modernity arises through various theories Charles Taylor two theories of modernity Modernization is a term that is usually used to distinguish the present from the traditional or earlier aspects. While there are many ways of distinguishing the present from the old, we might wonder how modernity arises. Many scholars have tried to explain how modernity arises through various theories. This paper will focus on Charles Taylor two theories of modernity. Charles Taylor postulated that modernity is not a form of life but a movement from one constellation to another. He appreciated that there are two perspectives from which modernity arises; cultural and acultural. In the cultural model, each human group has its own identity, language, virtues, vices, specific understanding of humanity and social relations. These aspects may undergo transformations with time and this influences the culture of that particular group. At this point, we have to admit that there is a difference before and after transformation, the culture will have changed by the time these transformations are manifested (Charles,). In the acultural model, Charles tries to distinguish the present from the past as a whole. In this case, he does not look at transformation from a single culture perspective but the changes that occur to all cultures within a stipulated period of time. In this model, modernity is conceived by growth of reason for instance growth of scientific consciousness or though differentiating between fact finding and evaluation. In this case, the modernity is accounted for by intellectual and social changes. An example of this was during the ages of reason and enlightenment, industrialization and urbanization. There were imminent transformations in all cultures. While each culture has to go through these transformations, some are forced to undergo these transformations (Charles,). Acultural modernity is such that each culture plays a principle role and is not defined by an end point in understanding these transformations from either a personal or societal perspective. Though this kind of modernity is culture neutral, it affects all cultures either positively or negatively. Sometimes, some culture may suffer from the impact of a transformation in modernity. Transformations usually arise in one culture or civilization and spread to the rest. The culture from which transformation starts is powered by its own positive visions for good. However, some cultures undergo though these transformations easily while others have a hard time. This is characterized by the difference the transformation will serve in that particular culture and not when the idea of the transformation arrived in this culture. Charles appreciated the fact that transformations are facilitated by having certain values and understanding of things. Each culture has different perspectives on different transformations depending on their values and understanding of that transformation. In fact many developments and transformations in the last few centuries were based on culture neutral developments. Acultural theory is dominant over cultural because it shows transition from traditional beliefs to modern way of life. This may be described in scenarios such as those of urbanization and industrialization. Transformation of this type may influence cultures positively or negatively. Those cultures that valued traditional beliefs and have narrow scientific reason have difficulties in appreciating transformation. At this point, we might wonder which theory is good and which is bad. However, there is no good or bad theory as they explain transition to modernity and show how traditional beliefs are lost. Though cultural theory is of the point of view in which we visualize one culture among others, we cannot overemphasize the fact that the first accounts of modernization and development were acultural. As most scholars believe, Charles denotes that cultural theories make value judgements impossible, acultural theories are believed to be materialistic. Despite these negative attitudes towards these theories, Charles emphasizes that they play an important role in the concept of modernization. All in all, we cannot disregard that modernization is as a result of social and intellectual change. Charles notes that after the seventeenth century, there was imminent transformation arising from the western modernity and after these transformations, natural science was valid and the technology that accompanied this had efficacy. These transformations were embraced in some cultures while others were forced to appreciate them. Different cultures have different beliefs and through acultural theory, these civilizations are bound to come together. All civilizations will lose their traditional beliefs even those that resisted the challenge. The road to modernity eventually ends when all civilizations look alike. Different civilizations will understand these transformations differently and have different perspectives on them. There are several levels of understanding transformations; the divine, cosmos and embodied understanding. Charles acknowledges that these different levels of understanding bring about changes in belief and shift in views of the possibilities. In this case, there are people for certain transformations while are others are against. Charles gave the example that people believed there is God but when their views changed, there was conception of atheist. This purely based on ones view and horizon or what they believe in depending on their understanding towards a certain concept. Although acultural theory is dominant over cultural theory of modernity, there are some limitations. This theory does not clearly show the originality of the western modernity and the fact that we tend to underestimate the nature of this transformation. Charles disregards that though modernity started in the west, it is not western specifically but a form of life where all cultures converge. It is unfortunate that some civilizations lose whatever they believe in just to hold on other transformations. This pattern lacks what Charles called rational justification. Acultural theory puts all civilizations in the same package of transformation. Charles Taylor argues that if a civilization fails to note its contrast with other civilizations, it will have a distorted understanding of forthcoming transformations and people in that civilization will have self misunderstanding which can be very costly to the civilization. In this case, the civilizations knowledge and background is suppressed. In other words, this may be termed as a form of colonization. It may seem that this civilization does not know itself and the relation it has to other civilizations. Despite the truths of acultural theory on evolution of modernity, it is worth noting that a change only moves us from constellation to another which throws up its values and traditions to move to the other. This is in support of the cultural theory of modernization. There are varied views on the cultural and acultural theories of modernity. While some support one theory and disregard the other, others have negative and positive attributes of both cultures. However, we have to appreciate that though some of these facts may be true, both theories have played a significant role in explaining modernity. According to Charles, modernity has presented numerous problems in social science. Modernity is combination new practices, way of life and single forms neutral phenomenon. Charles acknowledges that there are multiple modernities which are products of depending on the self understanding and practices of different civilizations. References Charles Taylor. Two theories of modernity.

Vote for Senator John Kerry :: Voting Election President Essays

Vote for Senator John Kerry With this being an election year, the political speeches are to a max. All of the political candidates are using speeches and commercials to try and persuade American to put their trust in them by voting for them and not their opponent. Senator John Kerry has been using the rhetorical appeals in all of the speeches he has been giving, ever since the primary. At the 2004 National Democratic Convention, Kerry spoke with such passion, talked about his reputation, and gave proof to what he was speaking about. Kerry gave a plan for the country, a plan of what will happen if he is elected the President. He spoke of things that went on during the past four years that should have not happened, or should have been handled differently. Kerry sold himself to the country in order to get the votes that are needed in the up coming election on November 2. With the speech Senator John Kerry gave at the 2004 National Democratic Convention, he knew who is audience and knew how to appeal to them. His audience was the citizens of the United States of America, and not just the Democrats. Kerry assumed that the audience wanted a change from the way the current president is running the country. Kerry used the assumptions throughout his speech, though they are not just about the President, he also uses them about just how things are being ran in the country, talked about how there needs to be a change. â€Å"My fellow Americans: we are here tonight united in one simple purpose: to make America stronger at home and respected in world.† The main point of the speech was laid out in the very first line. Though the speech had a few sub points such as: â€Å"elections are about choices,† â€Å"America can do better,† and â€Å"help is on the way.† With these points, he was selling himself, telling the country what can happen if they would vote for him. In order for Kerry to get his points across to the audience, the flow of his speech was very important.

Habeas Corpus and the War on Terror

Habeas Corpus and the War on Terror Ian T. Snyder POL 201 Pearl Galano October 20th 2012 Habeas corpus is considered to be one of the most fundamental guarantees of personal liberty we have enjoyed as a country since the inception of our Constitution. However, questions have arisen regarding the proper use of habeas corpus and have been brought into focus in the past decade.In the years since the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, hundreds of people have been detained by the United States government as part of its war on terror. Most of these detainees face indefinite detention and have neither been charged with a crime nor afforded prisoner of war status. Habeas corpus serves to protect citizens against arbitrary arrest, torture, and extrajudicial killings and is a fundamental personal liberty guaranteed by our Constitution and cannot be suspended based on that fact.Habeas corpus (or writ of Habeas corpus ) is a judicially enforceable order issued by a court of law to a prison of ficial ordering that a prisoner be brought to the court so it can be determined whether or not that prisoner had been lawfully imprisoned and, if not, whether he or she should be released from custody. The right of habeas corpus is the constitutionally bestowed right of a person to present evidence before a court that he or she has been wrongly imprisoned.The rights of writs of habeas corpus are granted in Article I of the Constitution, which States, â€Å"The Privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in Cases of Rebellion or Invasion the public Safety may require it. â€Å"( Habeas Corpus in times of Emergency; Iowa State Review) A Habeas Corpus petition is a petition filed with a court by a person who objects to his own or another's imprisonment. The petition must show that the court ordering the imprisonment made a legal or factual error.The right of habeas corpus is the constitutionally bestowed right of a person to present evidence before a co urt that he or she has been wrongly imprisoned. History The history of Habeas Corpus is ancient. It appears to be predominately of Anglo-Saxon common law origin, although the precise origin of Habeas Corpus is uncertain. Its principle effect was achieved in the middle ages by use of similar laws, the sum of which helped to mold our current policies. Habeas Corpus has since the earliest times been employed to compel the appearance of a person who is in custody to be brought before a court.Habeas Corpus was generally unknown to the various law systems of Europe which are generally devolved from Roman law. European civil law systems tend to favor collective authority from the top down while the Anglo-Saxon common law tends to favor the individual. As a feature of common law, the right of Habeas Corpus reflects the age old contest between the individual and the state. Habeas Corpus empowers the individual in holding accountable the exercise of the states power to influence liberty. The War on TerrorIn the years since the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, hundreds of people have been detained by the United States government as part of its war on terror at locations such as the Guantanamo Bay Naval Base in Cuba and Bagram Airfield in Afghanistan. Most of these detainees have faced indefinite detention and have neither been charged with a crime nor afforded prisoner of war Status. Many of these detainees have sought to use habeas corpus proceedings to challenge the legality of their detention.The United States government initially took the position that habeas corpus was not available to detainees because of their status as â€Å"enemy combatants† and their location outside of the sovereign territory of the United States. In 2004, the United States Supreme Court determined that non-citizen detainees at Guantanamo Bay were entitled to file habeas corpus petitions in federal courts. Congress subsequently made a political determination as to the appropriate s cope of habeas corpus and passed legislation that, stripped federal courts of jurisdiction to hear habeas corpus petitions brought by enemy combatants.This ruling was then shortly overturned. The question of whether detainees such as those at Bagram and Guantanamo Bay should have access to habeas corpus is a complex one. It involves issues of territorial jurisdiction, separation of powers, and the status of the individuals. However, at a more basic level, this question should ask as to the nature of the right of habeas corpus and the applicability of the rule of law during national security emergencies. At this level, the situation presented by detainees at Guantanamo Bay or Bagram is not entirely unique.It represents another example of those situations in which governments have attempted to deny the availability of habeas corpus based on real or perceived threats to national security. On Oct. 17, 2006, President Bush signed a law suspending the right of habeas corpus to persons â⠂¬Å"determined by the United States† to be an â€Å"enemy combatant† in the Global War on Terror. President Bush's action drew severe criticism, mainly for the law's failure to specifically designate who in the United States will determine who is and who is not an enemy combatant.This however was not the first time in the history of the U. S. Constitution that it’s guaranteed right to habeas corpus has been suspended by an action of the President of the United States. In the early days of the U. S. Civil War Abraham Lincoln suspended writs of habeas corpus. Both presidents based their action on the dangers of war, and both presidents faced sharp criticism for carrying out what many believed to be an attack on the Constitution. President Bush suspended writs of habeas corpus through his support and signing into law of the Military Commissions Act of 2006.The bill grants the President of the United States almost unlimited authority in establishing and conducting mi litary commissions to try persons held by the U. S. in the Global War on Terrorism. In addition, the Act suspends the right of â€Å"unlawful enemy combatants† to present, or to have presented in their behalf, writs of habeas corpus. 1. Jonathan Turley, professor of constitutional law at George Washington University stated, â€Å"What, really, a time of shame this is for the American system. What the Congress did and what the president signed today essentially revokes over 200 years of American principles and values. † To which I agree.The President’s decision to deny the detainees prisoner-of-war (POW) status remains a point of contention, especially overseas with some arguing that it is based on an inaccurate interpretation of the Geneva Convention for the Treatment of Prisoners of War , which they assert requires that all combatants captured on the battlefield are entitled to be treated as POWs until an independent tribunal has determined otherwise. The Genev a Conventions of 1949 create comprehensive legal specifications for the treatment of detainees in war. Members of a regular armed force and certain others share entitled to specific privileges as POWs.Members of volunteer corps, militias, and organized resistance forces that are not part of the armed services of a party to the conflict are entitled to POW status if they meet four criteria specified in the treaty. Groups that do not meet the standards are not entitled to POW status, and their members who commit belligerent acts may be treated as civilians under the Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War. ( Terrorism, the Laws of War, and the Constitution – Policy Archive ) These â€Å"unlawful combatants† are not afforded immunity for their hostile acts.A petitioner must be treated as a prisoner of war until a competent tribunal has decided otherwise, and that a military commission may not proceed with their trial. Although some 250 detainees (including three children under the age of 16)13 have been released from the detention facilities at the U. S. Naval Station in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, and some detainees are being rewarded for cooperation with better living conditions while the status and treatment of detainees who remain in custody continue to be a source of contention. (â€Å"Enemy Combatants† Journal, Wuerth) SummaryThe Constitution provides Congress with ample authority to legislate the treatment of battlefield detainees in the custody of the U. S. military. The Constitution empowers Congress to make rules regarding capture and to define and punish violations of international law, and to make regulations to govern the armed forces. (Policy Archive) Congress also has the constitutional prerogative to declare war, a power it has not yet exercised with regard to the armed conflict in Afghanistan. By not declaring war, Congress has implicitly redefined what was clearly stated in the Constitution concerning the treatment of detainees.The Administration has asserted that the war on terror is a new kind of conflict, requiring a new set of rules and definitions. However it is clear that there has been a failure to expeditiously process and, if appropriate, prosecute detainees in the custody of the United States, including those in the custody of the United States. References: 2. Hamdan v. Rumsfeld, 344 F. Supp. 2d 152 (D. D. C. ,2004), rev’d 413 F. 3d 33 (D. C. Cir. 2005), cert. granted 2005 U. S. LEXIS 8222 (Nov. 7, 2005). 3. Habeas Corpus in Times of Emergency: A Historical and Comparative View Brian Farrell University of Iowa College of Law . The War and the Writ Habeas corpus and security in an age of terrorism by Jonathan Shaw January-February 2009 (Harvard Magazine) 5. U. S. -Freed ‘Combatant’ Is Returned to Saudi Arabia, L. A. TIMES, Oct. 12, 2004, at A8; Jerry Markon, Father Denounces Hamdi’s Imprisonment; Son Posed No Threat to U. S. , He Say s, WASH. POST, Oct. 13, 2004, at A4. 6. Terrorism, the Laws of War, and the Constitution – Policy Archive www. policyarchive. org/handle/10207/bitstreams/11854. pdf 7. The President's Power to Detain â€Å"Enemy Combatants† www. pegc. us/archive/Journals/wuerth_Cinn_power_to_detain. pdf